Jtdcftul

This question

What is the in-universe cost of a TIE fighter?

Establishes that there's a second-hand market for military ships.

Where are these ships available for sale? Who sells them, what's the main route-to-market (i.e from "in-service" to "out-service")?

Are there any cases in SW literature where a character owns a second-hand fighter (of either denomination)?

I know there are a few questions here, but I assume a good answer will cover the route to market with an example.

In The Bacta War, book 4 of the X-Wing series, Rogue Squadron resigns from the Alliance in order to fight against Ysanne Isard who has taken control of Thyferra. They get their hands on their old ships after Incom offer the Alliance a brand new squadron's worth of X-wings

"Someone in the military probably General Cracken, but maybe even Admiral Ackbar decided accepting Incom's gift was appropriate, so all the equipment in Rogue Squadron was inspected, listed as missing parts, and surplussed out. Winter found out about it before anyone else, and we scooped up the lot, including Emtrey and our astromech droids."

Wedge blinked. "Surplussed out? Our stuff was sold as surplus?"

"Broken surplus. It was missing parts."
"Such as?"
"PL-Is" Wedge frowned. "PL-Is? I've never heard of them." Tycho shook his head. "That's the designation for pilot." Wedge immediately began laughing. Someone back on Coruscant favors what we're doing or perhaps just wants to give us the tools to destroy ourselves.

So apparently you can just buy x-wings for cash from military surplus sales.

In the Legends continuity it seems to be extremely difficult or expensive for private parties to buy a TIE fighter or X-Wing. In the books, most notably the X-Wing series, most groups not directly affiliated with the Rebellion/Republic or Imperial military relied on ships noted to be cheaper, such as the Z-95 Headhunter. However, salvaging individual parts of these ships was quite common, as "Uglies" cobbled together from parts of TIE fighters, X-Wings, Y-Wings and the like were used extensively by pirates and mercenary groups.

In the X-Wing novel Mercy Kill, we're shown a used-vehicles lot that specializes in military surplus:

This particular lot was thick with decommissioned military vehicles. Some were early-production-run vehicles that had failed to impress the soldiers testing them....

And then there were starfighters from the orbital base. Some were old and so worn that their lift wings drooped. Others, though, belonged to designs that were simply being phased out over time, such as the four classic Incom T-65 X-Wings....

It's mentioned that these vehicles, being destined for civilian ownership, are partially demilitarized; for instance, the X-Wings' proton torpedo launchers had been removed.

There's no mention of the sort of "broken" surplus discussed in @Jontia's answer, but that might simply be a lack of opportunity (it's peacetime, and the local base is small enough that it wouldn't have a constant stream of wrecked materiel from accidents).

One episode of Rebels (Disney canon) features Mining Guild Tie Fighters. Because they are not being operated directly by the Empire, they have reduced combat abilities, and are clearly marked with their affiliation. From what I can tell, it is unspecified how the Mining Guild acquires the Tie Fighters, except that the process is sanctioned by the Empire.