基布兹
基布兹(希伯來語:.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}קִבּוּץ/קיבוץ Kibbutz,意为「聚集」,複數:קיבוצים Kibbutzim)是以色列的一种常見的集体社區體制,傳統上以務農為主,現在則歷經轉型,兼事工业和高科技产业[1]。基布茲是種混合烏托邦主義、共产主义和锡安主义而建立的社区型態,是以色列的重要特色,佔全國GDP中工業總產值9%、農業總產值40%[2]。在基布茲中生活的人稱為奇布茲尼克(希伯來語:קיבוצניק/קִבּוּצְנִיק Kibbutznik,複數:Kibbutznikim,華語圈一般稱為居民),目前全以色列約有5%人口住在奇布茲內[3]。
以色列在今天有三種不同的基布茲型態:國家宗教式的集體農場結合了正統派猶太人與人民公社式的生活,另外兩個則比較世俗化,梅伍哈德(希伯來語:מְאֻחָד Meuhad),另一種是阿濟茲(希伯來語:ארצי Artzi);這兩者是1951年互相爭執而分裂而來,當時梅伍哈德譴責蘇聯領導人史達林是反閃族獨裁者,但阿濟茲的追隨者仍舊維持對前蘇聯共產黨政策的高度依循。雖然阿濟茲社員早在1991年蘇聯解體前就已察覺了蘇聯式共產主義經驗的失敗,但他仍然比梅伍哈德更傾向於正統派猶太人的的社會主義。[4]
参考文献
^ Peres, Judy. In 50 years, kibbutz movement has undergone many changes. Chicago Tribune. 1998-05-09 [2019-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-17) (英语).
^ Kibbutz reinvents itself after 100 years of history. www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 2010-11-16 [2019-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-17) (英语).
^ Basic information about Israel and its people:. Student Union Tel Aviv University. [2019-01-31].
^ 陳, 之華. 知性之旅:以色列 [Insight Guides: Israel] 第一版. 台北縣: 協和國際. 2003. ISBN 9572080350. OCLC 82945407.
外部链接
(英文)Official Website of the Kibbutz Movement
(英文)Site on the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs about Kibbutzim
(英文)Interview with Gary Brenner and Jo-Ann Mort on Kibbutzim in Israeli Society
(英文)Comparison of a Wealthy and an Indebted Kibbutzim from HaAretz
(英文)Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies
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