环境退化






在南澳卡迪納的滑鐵盧礦坑英语Wallaroo Mines廢棄80年後,當地一些地方只有苔藓可以生長


环境退化(Environmental degradation)是指生态环境的惡化,包括像空氣、水及土壤之類资源的耗竭,生態系的破壞以及野生动物的滅絕。环境退化可以定義為環境中有害的或不希望的變化或是干擾[1]。根據I=PAT方程,环境影响(I)或是环境恶化是由三個因素組成而成:已經很多而且持續增加的人口(P)、持續增加的經濟成長或是人均财富(A)、以及消耗資源或是製造污染的技術應用(T)[2][3]


环境退化是联合国關於威脅,挑戰和改革問題高級別小組英语High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change正式警告的十大十大威胁之一。联合国国际减灾战略机構英语United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction定義环境退化是「環境符合社會及生態目的及需求能力的下降。」[4]。环境退化有許多不同的形式,例如棲息地破壞或是自然資源枯竭時,环境就退化了。對抗环境退化的方式包括环境保护及環境資源管理。



參考資料





  1. ^ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.


  2. ^ Chertow, M.R., "The IPAT equation and its variants", Journal of Industrial Ecology, 4 (4):13–29, 2001.


  3. ^ Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse?", New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865717044.


  4. ^ ISDR : Terminology. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31 [2010-06-09]. 




相關條目



  • 环境问题

  • 生态崩溃英语Ecological collapse

  • 生态可持续发展英语Ecologically sustainable development

  • 自然资源开采英语Exploitation of natural resources

  • 聯合國生物多樣性十年計劃英语United Nations Decade on Biodiversity


  • 联合国开发计划署(UNDP)


  • 联合国环境署(UNEP)


  • 世界资源研究所英语World Resources Institute(WRI)



外部連結



  • Ecology of Increasing Disease Population growth and environmental degradation

  • Annals of the Association of American Geographers Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments

  • Public Daily Brief Threat: Environmental Degradation

  • Focus: Environmental degradation is contributing to health threats worldwide

  • Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems-Water Reactors


  • Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley, by Historian Normand E. Klare. Actual Reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon Basin conditions.

  • Environmental Degradation Index by Jha & Murthy (for 174 countries)




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