How do I install NVIDIA and CUDA drivers into Ubuntu?
I have a system with a NVIDIA card that has a compute support of 3.5+ compared on https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus. How do I install CUDA and the NVIDIA drivers in Ubuntu without downloading the .deb files from NVIDIA?
nvidia cuda
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I have a system with a NVIDIA card that has a compute support of 3.5+ compared on https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus. How do I install CUDA and the NVIDIA drivers in Ubuntu without downloading the .deb files from NVIDIA?
nvidia cuda
add a comment |
I have a system with a NVIDIA card that has a compute support of 3.5+ compared on https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus. How do I install CUDA and the NVIDIA drivers in Ubuntu without downloading the .deb files from NVIDIA?
nvidia cuda
I have a system with a NVIDIA card that has a compute support of 3.5+ compared on https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus. How do I install CUDA and the NVIDIA drivers in Ubuntu without downloading the .deb files from NVIDIA?
nvidia cuda
nvidia cuda
edited Sep 25 '18 at 17:24
Terrance
asked Sep 20 '18 at 22:11
TerranceTerrance
20.2k34898
20.2k34898
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3 Answers
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oldest
votes
Ubuntu 18.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 418.43 drivers:
NOTE: CUDA 9.x is not available through NVIDIA's ubuntu1804 repo. I did however write an answer for CUDA 9.2 at https://askubuntu.com/a/1086993/231142
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
If you only want the NVIDIA 418.43 driver run, if not, skip this step:
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-418
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Sat_Aug_25_21:08:01_CDT_2018
Cuda compilation tools, release 10.0, V10.0.130
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvidia-smi
Sat Mar 23 20:52:18 2019
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 418.43 Driver Version: 418.43 CUDA Version: 10.1 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 43% 41C P8 N/A / N/A | 122MiB / 1998MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
add a comment |
Ubuntu 16.04, CUDA 9.2 and NVIDIA 396 drivers:
NOTE: NVIDIA's repo here has decided to push the 410 drivers. I will do some testing to see if I can get it to set for the driver you want installed.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update for the new repo being added:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 9.2:
sudo apt install cuda-9-2
It should be installing the nvidia-396 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/
Verify that CUDA 9.2 was installed:
~$ ls /usr/local/cuda-9.2/
bin include libnvvp nvml samples targets
doc lib64 LICENSE nvvm share tools
extras libnsight nsightee_plugins README src version.txt
Now, add the following to your ~/.profile
for the PATH
and LD_LIBRARY
. You can use the command gedit ~/.profile
for editing:
# set PATH for cuda 9.2 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot your system.
sudo reboot
Once the system is up, you can verify the installation by typing in the following:
nvcc -V
You should see something similar the following:
~$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2017 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Nov__3_21:07:56_CDT_2017
Cuda compilation tools, release 9.1, V9.1.85
And you should see the 396.xx
drivers installed:
~$ nvidia-smi
Thu May 17 07:38:54 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 396.44 Driver Version: 396.44 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 49% 53C P0 N/A / N/A | 187MiB / 1999MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
add a comment |
Ubuntu 14.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 410 drivers:
Please note that I don't have Ubuntu 14.04 installed so I cannot verify if these steps work or not. But according to http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ from NVIDIA, it should be the same steps as I have listed in the other two answers.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
add a comment |
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Ubuntu 18.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 418.43 drivers:
NOTE: CUDA 9.x is not available through NVIDIA's ubuntu1804 repo. I did however write an answer for CUDA 9.2 at https://askubuntu.com/a/1086993/231142
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
If you only want the NVIDIA 418.43 driver run, if not, skip this step:
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-418
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Sat_Aug_25_21:08:01_CDT_2018
Cuda compilation tools, release 10.0, V10.0.130
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvidia-smi
Sat Mar 23 20:52:18 2019
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 418.43 Driver Version: 418.43 CUDA Version: 10.1 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 43% 41C P8 N/A / N/A | 122MiB / 1998MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
add a comment |
Ubuntu 18.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 418.43 drivers:
NOTE: CUDA 9.x is not available through NVIDIA's ubuntu1804 repo. I did however write an answer for CUDA 9.2 at https://askubuntu.com/a/1086993/231142
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
If you only want the NVIDIA 418.43 driver run, if not, skip this step:
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-418
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Sat_Aug_25_21:08:01_CDT_2018
Cuda compilation tools, release 10.0, V10.0.130
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvidia-smi
Sat Mar 23 20:52:18 2019
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 418.43 Driver Version: 418.43 CUDA Version: 10.1 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 43% 41C P8 N/A / N/A | 122MiB / 1998MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
add a comment |
Ubuntu 18.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 418.43 drivers:
NOTE: CUDA 9.x is not available through NVIDIA's ubuntu1804 repo. I did however write an answer for CUDA 9.2 at https://askubuntu.com/a/1086993/231142
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
If you only want the NVIDIA 418.43 driver run, if not, skip this step:
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-418
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Sat_Aug_25_21:08:01_CDT_2018
Cuda compilation tools, release 10.0, V10.0.130
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvidia-smi
Sat Mar 23 20:52:18 2019
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 418.43 Driver Version: 418.43 CUDA Version: 10.1 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 43% 41C P8 N/A / N/A | 122MiB / 1998MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Ubuntu 18.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 418.43 drivers:
NOTE: CUDA 9.x is not available through NVIDIA's ubuntu1804 repo. I did however write an answer for CUDA 9.2 at https://askubuntu.com/a/1086993/231142
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
If you only want the NVIDIA 418.43 driver run, if not, skip this step:
sudo apt install nvidia-driver-418
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvcc --version
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2018 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Sat_Aug_25_21:08:01_CDT_2018
Cuda compilation tools, release 10.0, V10.0.130
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
terrance@terrance-ubuntu:~$ nvidia-smi
Sat Mar 23 20:52:18 2019
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 418.43 Driver Version: 418.43 CUDA Version: 10.1 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 43% 41C P8 N/A / N/A | 122MiB / 1998MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
edited 2 hours ago
answered Sep 20 '18 at 22:13
TerranceTerrance
20.2k34898
20.2k34898
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
add a comment |
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
1
1
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
Note that as of 2018-11 you need cuda 0.9 for tensorflow.
– mathtick
Nov 24 '18 at 12:10
1
1
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
installation of nvidia-driver-410 fails because it depends on xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-410 and it can't be installed because it depnds on a bunch of lbnvidia which are not available
– fccoelho
Jan 24 at 15:50
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
@fccoelho Every file that is needed is in that repo. Unless you performed a step incorrectly or that you are using an unsupported or a different version than 18.04 which this was written for, then you might not be installing those drivers.
– Terrance
Jan 24 at 16:39
add a comment |
Ubuntu 16.04, CUDA 9.2 and NVIDIA 396 drivers:
NOTE: NVIDIA's repo here has decided to push the 410 drivers. I will do some testing to see if I can get it to set for the driver you want installed.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update for the new repo being added:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 9.2:
sudo apt install cuda-9-2
It should be installing the nvidia-396 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/
Verify that CUDA 9.2 was installed:
~$ ls /usr/local/cuda-9.2/
bin include libnvvp nvml samples targets
doc lib64 LICENSE nvvm share tools
extras libnsight nsightee_plugins README src version.txt
Now, add the following to your ~/.profile
for the PATH
and LD_LIBRARY
. You can use the command gedit ~/.profile
for editing:
# set PATH for cuda 9.2 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot your system.
sudo reboot
Once the system is up, you can verify the installation by typing in the following:
nvcc -V
You should see something similar the following:
~$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2017 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Nov__3_21:07:56_CDT_2017
Cuda compilation tools, release 9.1, V9.1.85
And you should see the 396.xx
drivers installed:
~$ nvidia-smi
Thu May 17 07:38:54 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 396.44 Driver Version: 396.44 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 49% 53C P0 N/A / N/A | 187MiB / 1999MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
add a comment |
Ubuntu 16.04, CUDA 9.2 and NVIDIA 396 drivers:
NOTE: NVIDIA's repo here has decided to push the 410 drivers. I will do some testing to see if I can get it to set for the driver you want installed.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update for the new repo being added:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 9.2:
sudo apt install cuda-9-2
It should be installing the nvidia-396 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/
Verify that CUDA 9.2 was installed:
~$ ls /usr/local/cuda-9.2/
bin include libnvvp nvml samples targets
doc lib64 LICENSE nvvm share tools
extras libnsight nsightee_plugins README src version.txt
Now, add the following to your ~/.profile
for the PATH
and LD_LIBRARY
. You can use the command gedit ~/.profile
for editing:
# set PATH for cuda 9.2 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot your system.
sudo reboot
Once the system is up, you can verify the installation by typing in the following:
nvcc -V
You should see something similar the following:
~$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2017 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Nov__3_21:07:56_CDT_2017
Cuda compilation tools, release 9.1, V9.1.85
And you should see the 396.xx
drivers installed:
~$ nvidia-smi
Thu May 17 07:38:54 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 396.44 Driver Version: 396.44 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 49% 53C P0 N/A / N/A | 187MiB / 1999MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
add a comment |
Ubuntu 16.04, CUDA 9.2 and NVIDIA 396 drivers:
NOTE: NVIDIA's repo here has decided to push the 410 drivers. I will do some testing to see if I can get it to set for the driver you want installed.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update for the new repo being added:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 9.2:
sudo apt install cuda-9-2
It should be installing the nvidia-396 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/
Verify that CUDA 9.2 was installed:
~$ ls /usr/local/cuda-9.2/
bin include libnvvp nvml samples targets
doc lib64 LICENSE nvvm share tools
extras libnsight nsightee_plugins README src version.txt
Now, add the following to your ~/.profile
for the PATH
and LD_LIBRARY
. You can use the command gedit ~/.profile
for editing:
# set PATH for cuda 9.2 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot your system.
sudo reboot
Once the system is up, you can verify the installation by typing in the following:
nvcc -V
You should see something similar the following:
~$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2017 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Nov__3_21:07:56_CDT_2017
Cuda compilation tools, release 9.1, V9.1.85
And you should see the 396.xx
drivers installed:
~$ nvidia-smi
Thu May 17 07:38:54 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 396.44 Driver Version: 396.44 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 49% 53C P0 N/A / N/A | 187MiB / 1999MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Ubuntu 16.04, CUDA 9.2 and NVIDIA 396 drivers:
NOTE: NVIDIA's repo here has decided to push the 410 drivers. I will do some testing to see if I can get it to set for the driver you want installed.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update for the new repo being added:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 9.2:
sudo apt install cuda-9-2
It should be installing the nvidia-396 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1604/x86_64/
Verify that CUDA 9.2 was installed:
~$ ls /usr/local/cuda-9.2/
bin include libnvvp nvml samples targets
doc lib64 LICENSE nvvm share tools
extras libnsight nsightee_plugins README src version.txt
Now, add the following to your ~/.profile
for the PATH
and LD_LIBRARY
. You can use the command gedit ~/.profile
for editing:
# set PATH for cuda 9.2 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.2/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot your system.
sudo reboot
Once the system is up, you can verify the installation by typing in the following:
nvcc -V
You should see something similar the following:
~$ nvcc -V
nvcc: NVIDIA (R) Cuda compiler driver
Copyright (c) 2005-2017 NVIDIA Corporation
Built on Fri_Nov__3_21:07:56_CDT_2017
Cuda compilation tools, release 9.1, V9.1.85
And you should see the 396.xx
drivers installed:
~$ nvidia-smi
Thu May 17 07:38:54 2018
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 396.44 Driver Version: 396.44 |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU Name Persistence-M| Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap| Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
| 0 GeForce GTX 760 Off | 00000000:02:00.0 N/A | N/A |
| 49% 53C P0 N/A / N/A | 187MiB / 1999MiB | N/A Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes: GPU Memory |
| GPU PID Type Process name Usage |
|=============================================================================|
| 0 Not Supported |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
edited Oct 22 '18 at 21:26
answered Sep 20 '18 at 22:11
TerranceTerrance
20.2k34898
20.2k34898
add a comment |
add a comment |
Ubuntu 14.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 410 drivers:
Please note that I don't have Ubuntu 14.04 installed so I cannot verify if these steps work or not. But according to http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ from NVIDIA, it should be the same steps as I have listed in the other two answers.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
add a comment |
Ubuntu 14.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 410 drivers:
Please note that I don't have Ubuntu 14.04 installed so I cannot verify if these steps work or not. But according to http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ from NVIDIA, it should be the same steps as I have listed in the other two answers.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
add a comment |
Ubuntu 14.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 410 drivers:
Please note that I don't have Ubuntu 14.04 installed so I cannot verify if these steps work or not. But according to http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ from NVIDIA, it should be the same steps as I have listed in the other two answers.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
Ubuntu 14.04, CUDA 10.0 and NVIDIA 410 drivers:
Please note that I don't have Ubuntu 14.04 installed so I cannot verify if these steps work or not. But according to http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ from NVIDIA, it should be the same steps as I have listed in the other two answers.
These instructions are for installing CUDA through the repository instead of the .deb
installation.
The following lines you can copy and paste to a terminal window. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal window.
Remove any CUDA PPAs that may be setup and also remove the nvidia-cuda-toolkit
if installed:
sudo rm /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda*
sudo apt remove nvidia-cuda-toolkit
Recommended to also remove all NVIDIA drivers before installing new drivers:
sudo apt remove nvidia-*
Then update the system:
sudo apt update
Install the key:
sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub
Add the repo:
sudo bash -c 'echo "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64 /" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/cuda.list'
Update the system again:
sudo apt update
Install CUDA 10.0.
sudo apt install cuda-10-0
It should be installing the nvidia-410 drivers with it as those are what are listed in the repo. See: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1404/x86_64/
Add the following lines to your ~/.profile
file for CUDA 10.0
# set PATH for cuda 10.0 installation
if [ -d "/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin/" ]; then
export PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/bin${PATH:+:${PATH}}
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-10.0/lib64${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}}
fi
Reboot the computer and check your settings when reboot is complete:
Check NVIDIA Cuda Compiler with nvcc --version
:
Check NVIDIA driver with nvidia-smi
:
answered Sep 21 '18 at 3:34
TerranceTerrance
20.2k34898
20.2k34898
add a comment |
add a comment |
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