在1946年,美国药理学家路易斯·戈德曼(Louis S. Goodman)和阿尔弗雷德·吉尔曼(Alfred Gilman)使用使用芥子气成功缓解了他们在小鼠身上引入的淋巴瘤。之后他们又在一位患有非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤的病人身上注射了代号为“HN2”的军用毒剂——他们观察到肿瘤有着显著的缩小。这成功证明了药物可以治疗癌症;这种物质,作为人类历史上发现的第一种化疗药物,被命名为氮芥(mustine)。[3]
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^Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman A, McLennan MT. Landmark article Sept. 21, 1946: Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. By Louis S. Goodman, Maxwell M. Wintrobe, William Dameshek, Morton J. Goodman, Alfred Gilman and Margaret T. McLennan. JAMA. May 1984, 251 (17): 2255–61. PMID 6368885. doi:10.1001/jama.251.17.2255.
^Mattes, W. B.; Hartley, J. A.; Kohn, K. W. DNA sequence selectivity of guanine–N7 alkylation by nitrogen mustards. Nucleic Acids Research. 1986, 14 (7): 2971–2987. PMC 339715. PMID 3960738. doi:10.1093/nar/14.7.2971.
^Carmen Avendano, J. Carlos Menendez. Medicinal Chemistry of Anticancer Drug. Elsevier Science. 2015.
^Geiduschek EP. "Reversible" DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. July 1961, 47 (7): 950–5. PMC 221307. PMID 13704192. doi:10.1073/pnas.47.7.950.
^Brookes P, Lawley PD. The reaction of mono- and di-functional alkylating agents with nucleic acids. Biochem. J. September 1961, 80 (3): 496–503. PMC 1243259. PMID 16748923.
^Rink SM, Solomon MS, Taylor MJ, Rajur SB, McLaughlin LW, Hopkins PB. Covalent structure of a nitrogen mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-link: An N7-to-N7 linkage of deoxyguanosine residues at the duplex sequence 5'-d(GNC). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1993, 115 (7): 2551–7. doi:10.1021/ja00060a001.
^Dong Q, Barsky D, Colvin ME; 等. A structural basis for a phosphoramide mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-link at 5'-d(GAC). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. December 1995, 92 (26): 12170–4. PMC 40318. PMID 8618865. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12170. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
^Bauer GB, Povirk LF. Specificity and kinetics of interstrand and intrastrand bifunctional alkylation by nitrogen mustards at a G-G-C sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. March 1997, 25 (6): 1211–8. PMC 146567. PMID 9092631. doi:10.1093/nar/25.6.1211.
^Guainazzi, A.; Schärer, O. D. Using synthetic DNA interstrand crosslinks to elucidate repair pathways and identify new therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2010, 67 (21): 3683–3697. PMID 20730555. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0492-6.
查询維基詞典中的氮芥。
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论
编
化學武器
神經性
G類毒劑
塔崩(GA) · 沙林(GB) · 梭曼(GD) · 环沙林(GF) · 乙基沙林(GE)
GV類毒劑
EA-5365 · EA-5414 · EA-5488
V類毒劑
EA-3148 · EA-3317 · VE · VG · VM · VP · VR · VS · VX · Vx